Types of baby formula: A guide for parents

Choosing a type of baby formula for your child can feel overwhelming — there are so many options! However, there is no one “best” baby formula for all babies, it’s a matter of finding one that is ideal for your baby and family. 

That said, babies who don’t have specific medical considerations or allergies often do well with traditional cow’s milk formula. Some families choose alternate formulas such as soy-based or organic formula due to personal preference. If you’re unsure of what type of formula to feed your baby or if they seem to be struggling with their formula, their healthcare provider can provide guidance on what type of formula to try and/or the best way to switch formulas. 

In this article, we’ll discuss the different types of formula and how to choose a type of baby formula. We’ll also address common concerns about baby formula. 

IN THIS ARTICLE: 

What is baby formula

Baby formula is food designed specifically to meet the nutritional needs of babies. Young babies should have all their nutritional requirements met with formula, breast milk, or a combination of both until around 6 months of age. After that, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) [] recommends introducing solid foods into your baby’s diet. However, formula and/or breast milk will continue to provide a majority of your child’s caloric and nutritional needs until around 12 months. 

What is in formula?

In the United States, the FDA [] requires 30 specific nutrients to be in baby formula. These include vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and more []. The nutrients in baby formula are designed to mimic the nutrients found in human breast milk. All the nutrients in formula serve a specific purpose for your baby’s growth and development. 

Carbohydrates in formula give babies energy that helps their bodies and vital organs grow. Some carbohydrates also help beneficial bacteria develop in babies’ guts. [] Proteins in formula help with brain development, overall growth and development, and building and repairing tissues in the body []. Fats are another source of energy found in formula; in fact, they are the main source of energy. Some types of fat — arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) — are associated with lower rates of allergies, congestion, bronchitis, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, cough, eczema, and contact dermatitis. [] 

Various vitamins and minerals (like calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, vitamin C, and vitamin A) serve various functions. Some benefits include improving immune function, increasing bone health, and transporting oxygen throughout the body [].

Types of baby formula

There are quite a few different types of baby formula to choose from. Options include: 

Cow’s milk-based formula

Cow’s milk-based formula is common and is often the first type of formula many families try. Not surprisingly, the base of the formula is cow’s milk, but the final product is not the same as cow’s milk for adults and older children. (Regular cow’s milk should not be given [] to babies under 12 months.) This type of formula is heat-treated, which helps make it easier for babies to digest. It also has added lactose, fats, and other components that babies need to thrive. 

Cow’s milk-based formula works well for many babies. Others, however, may have an allergy to cow’s milk or have a galactose intolerance. If so, a different option such as a hypoallergenic formula may be more suitable. If you suspect your child is not tolerating cow’s milk formula, reach out to their healthcare provider for guidance. 

Hypoallergenic formula (protein hydrolysate)

Hypoallergenic formulas are broken down or “pre-digested” to make it easier for babies with allergies or other conditions to digest the formula. They’re often recommended for babies with milk protein allergies or other sensitivities. They’re lactose-free, which makes it easier for some babies to digest. 

Hypoallergenic baby formula can be either partially hydrolyzed or extensively hydrolyzed. This means proteins are broken down with different treatments, including enzymatic hydrolysis, heat treatment, and ultrafiltration. While both types result in smaller components than standard formula, partially hydrolyzed formula has slightly larger components than extensively hydrolyzed formula []. Extensively hydrolyzed formula may be a better option for babies who are at higher risk for developing an allergy [].

Soy-based formula

Soy-based baby formula uses soy as the base of the formula instead of cow’s milk. Like all formula types, it contains all the nutrients that babies need. However, soy-based formula is one type of lactose-free formula. 

Though the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) [] doesn’t often recommend soy-based formula, it is a good option for infants who have a rare disorder called galactosemia. These children have an intolerance to galactose, which is one of the two sugars in lactose. Some parents also choose soy-based formulas if they are vegan or vegetarian. Though not all soy-based formulas are vegetarian or vegan, they’re usually the best option for these families. Some babies with a true cow’s milk protein allergy are also sensitive to soy protein, so your child’s healthcare provider might recommend a different option in these cases. 

There is some concern [] that soy-based formulas may be related to health concerns in babies, however, studies have not yet found any significant long-term effects [].

Lactose-free formula

There are some instances where babies need lactose-free formula, such as when a baby is lactose intolerant or has congenital lactase deficiency (which is very rare) [].

Lactose intolerance occurs when babies are unable to digest and absorb lactose. Though older kids and adults are more often diagnosed with lactose intolerance, it’s rare for babies to be lactose intolerant. Sometimes babies have trouble digesting lactose after a bout of diarrhea, but this is only temporary and doesn’t typically require you to switch to a lactose-free formula. A milk allergy, however, is a hypersensitivity to the protein in cow’s milk. Lactose intolerance is more of a bothersome digestive issue that occurs temporarily after a baby has diarrhea from gastroenteritis while a milk protein allergy involves the immune system and can cause a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. 

Lactose-free baby formula is often recommended for babies who have congenital lactase deficiency. Babies with a milk allergy should also consume a lactose-free formula, often one that is an extensively hydrolyzed hypoallergenic formula. If you believe your baby needs a lactose-free formula, it’s best to check with their healthcare provider first so you can get to the root of the problem and find the type of formula that is best suited for them. 

Organic baby formula

Some people prefer organic formula for their babies, just as . There are many different types of organic formula, including cow’s milk-based formula and soy-based formula. Organic formulas are made from ingredients sourced from organic farming, meaning they’re made without pesticides, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), artificial additives, and synthetic additives []. These formulas have the same 30 nutrients required by the FDA as other formulas. 

Many parents simply prefer them due to the lower levels of pesticides and additives. Organic formula, however, is often more expensive than other options. 

Specialized formula

Some babies, such as preemies or babies with certain medical conditions, may require specialized formula. If your baby requires a specialized formula, their healthcare provider will likely provide guidance on specific amounts and feeding schedules to meet your baby’s needs. Their needs often vary from traditional guidance on formula feeding. 

For example, premature babies might need formula enriched with energy and protein, and babies who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) might benefit from thicker anti-reflux formula. 

How to choose the right formula for your infant

Choosing the right formula for your infant comes down to a combination of preference, your child’s needs, and your budget. Many families start with a more traditional cow’s milk formula. If that isn’t working well, you might need to try other options or consult with your child’s healthcare provider to find the right fit. 

Some signs that your baby is not tolerating a formula include: 

• Fussiness

• Excessive spit up 

• Diarrhea

• Blood in stool

• Mucus in stool

• Rashes

• Allergic reactions 

• Vomiting

• Trouble gaining weight 

It’s important to talk to your baby’s healthcare provider before switching formula, especially if they don’t appear to be tolerating it well. A doctor may be able to help determine the cause of your baby’s troubles, which may not be related to the formula. If they do suggest switching formulas, they can also recommend a type to try based on your baby’s symptoms. 

Common concerns about baby formula 

Formula is designed to give babies the nutrition they need, but there can be some concerns and considerations to keep in mind. 

Effects of changing formula on baby sleep 

Changing from one formula to another may impact your baby’s sleep. For instance, babies who aren't sleeping well due to discomfort or pain may have improved sleep if they switch to a formula that works better for them. 

On the other hand, because it can be easier for babies to digest hypoallergenic formula, some parents find that their little ones wake up more at night due to hunger when they’re consuming this type of formula. This is similar to how some younger babies may wake more frequently when they drink breast milk, since it is typically digested faster than most cow’s milk-based formula.  

How to prepare and store baby formula safely

When preparing formula for your baby, there are a few key best practices to keep in mind: 

• Wash your hands before preparing the formula 

• Use clean bottles and nipples, and sanitize bottle parts for babies under 2 months old

• If preparing powdered formula, be sure to measure according to the package directions

• Boil water then let it cool before adding powdered formula, especially for babies under 2 months old

• Once prepared, only leave formula out at room temperature for 2 hours

• within 24-48 hours (depending on the formula type)

• , always check the temperature on the inside of your wrist before feeding it to your baby (it should feel lukewarm, not hot)

• Do not use formula past the “use by” date on the package 

Takeaway

• Baby formula is made of approximately 30 specific nutrients to help babies grow and develop, including vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. 

• There are various types of formulas available. Cow’s milk-based formula is common and one that many families start with. 

• Many vegan or vegetarian families use soy-based formula, and it can be a good choice for babies with lactose sensitivities. 

• Hypoallergenic formula is broken down into smaller particles to make it easier to digest.

• Lactose-free formula is made without lactose and is a good choice for babies who have a lactase deficiency, which usually occurs after a baby has diarrhea from a stomach virus. 

• Specialized formula is made for babies with special dietary needs, such as those who were born prematurely or those who have GERD. 

• Regardless of the type of formula you choose, it’s important to prepare the formula safely. Wash your hands before preparing, use clean bottles and nipples, and follow proper storage guidelines once you prepare the formula.